Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA)

Causes / Inheritance

Causes of FRDA

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is caused by defects (mutations) in the gene for the protein frataxin. Genes are recipes for making proteins, which provide structure to our cells and drive the chemical reactions inside them. Scientists believe the frataxin protein regulates the levels of iron inside mitochondria — tiny cellular "factories" that use oxygen to produce energy.

Iron is essential for this process, but if too much of it is left floating around freely inside mitochondria, it can trigger oxidative stress — the buildup of harmful oxygen-based free radicals.

Frataxin appears to act as a storage depot for iron, releasing it only when it’s needed. When frataxin is missing or defective, free iron accumulates in mitochondria, and oxidative stress damages the mitochondria.

Frataxin also provides the iron needed for synthesis of several key enzymes in the mitochondria. Therefore, a deficiency of frataxin results in a deficiency of these enzymes, further reducing mitochondrial function.

Mitochondria act as an essential energy source for nearly all of the cells in our bodies, which probably explains why FRDA affects cells of the nervous system, heart and sometimes other tissues.

FRDA doesn’t affect parts of the brain involved in mental functions; it mostly affects the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves that connect the spinal cord to the body’s muscles and sensory organs.

FRDA also affects the function of the cerebellum, a structure at the back of the brain that helps plan and coordinate movements.

When a person decides to move an arm, nerve cells in the brain send an electrical signal to the spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves pass the signal on to the arm muscles. And as the arm moves, the person can feel it moving because nerve cells send an electrical signal back through the peripheral nerves and up to the brain.

In FRDA, this flow of sensory information through the peripheral nerves and the spinal cord is severely affected. There’s also some impairment of muscle-controlling signals from the cerebellum and spinal cord.

Combined, these problems lead to the progressive losses of balance, coordination and muscle strength that characterize FRDA.

Inheritance of FRDA

Upon hearing a diagnosis of FRDA, people often reasonably ask, “But it doesn’t run in our family, so how could it be genetic?”

The answer is that the mutations underlying FRDA can run silently through a family, because the disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.

Autosomal refers to the fact that the frataxin gene is on chromosome 9, one of the 22 pairs of autosomes (chromosomes other than the X or Y). Recessive means it takes two defective copies of the frataxin gene to cause FRDA, with one copy inherited from each parent, neither of whom would normally have FRDA symptoms.

Thus, FRDA might seem to occur “out of the blue,” but in reality, both parents are FRDA carriers, each silently harboring a mutation in frataxin. Many parents have no idea that they’re carriers of FRDA until they have a child who has the disease.

About one in 100 Americans is an FRDA carrier, but in some ethnic groups the frequency is higher. For example, about one in 70 people of Acadian (Cajun) ancestry is a carrier.

The most common type of mutation in the frataxin gene is called a trinucleotide repeat expansion. Spelled out in the four chemical "letters" that make up DNA, it looks like a stutter in the frataxin gene.

Normally, the gene contains five to 30 repeats of the three-letter chemical phrase "GAA," but in people with FRDA, the gene can contain hundreds of GAA repeats. Longer repeat expansions tend to cause an earlier onset and faster progression of FRDA, but the association isn’t strong enough to predict the course of FRDA in individual cases.

In more than 95 percent of people with FRDA, both copies of the frataxin gene contain expanded repeats. In the rest, just one copy of the frataxin gene is expanded and the other contains a single-letter change in the DNA code, called a point mutation.

In FRDA carriers, the frataxin gene can contain a repeat expansion, a point mutation or a permutation — a number of expanded repeats that’s just below the disease-causing range. In the germ line (ova and sperm), pre-mutations might or might not expand into the disease-causing range, which makes it complicated for some carriers to determine their risks of passing on FRDA.

As a general rule, children with a biological sibling affected by FRDA have a 25 percent chance of developing the disease themselves.

Your MDA Care Center team or genetic counselor can give you more information about the risks of inheriting or passing on FRDA.

References

1. Bidichandani SI, Delatycki MB. Friedreich Ataxia. 1998 Dec 18 [Updated 2017 Jun 1]. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1281/